Vol. 6, Issue 1, Part A (2024)

This manuscript delves into the realm of quantum cryptography, examining its integral contribution to a defense-in-depth strategy for achieving completely secure key distribution. The paper encompasses an exploration of the vulnerabilities inherent in contemporary digital crypto systems, an elucidation of the foundational principles of quantum cryptography, a scrutiny of real-world implementations alongside their limitations, and a contemplation of the prospective trajectory that quantum cryptography is poised to undertake. The discussion spans various facets, encompassing the computational model of quantum computers, the pivotal quantum algorithms impacting cryptography, the looming risks associated with the potential construction of “Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computers” (CRQCs), and the ensuing ramifications for the security of both symmetric and public-key cryptography in the presence of CRQCs. Furthermore, the paper investigates the ongoing standardization efforts by NIST for “Post-Quantum Cryptography” (PQC), the evolving landscape toward quantum-resistant public-key cryptography, and the pertinence of “Quantum Key Distribution” (QKD) as a complementary element to conventional cryptography. Lastly, it explores the significance of “Quantum Random Number Generators” (QRNGs) as an augmentation to current hardware Random Number Generators.